aqua ».^r TZ prx,/-. t- J? .u„. fi INTERNATIONAL FALLS PRESS PAGE TWO WILSON ASKS 5»T? munities of noncombatants." SK Here is a statement of principle to OUR CHALLENGE TO GERMANY BE DECENT! to which we shall have occasion return. TO TAKE STEPS The explicit warning was this: "Unless the imperial government shall how immediately declare and Good Article in Collier'* By Franklin H. Giddins, Professor His­ Asks to Be Empowered to Take Any effect an abandonment of its present DON'T FORGET tory of Civilization Columbia University—A World Issue. methods of submarine warfare Action Made Necessary By Futur» Events and Requests Suitable Credit against passenger and freight carrying for Such Purposes. vessels, the government of the United States can have no choice but ml in the matter was made to the department Diplomatic relations between the to sever diplomatic relations with the INVASION OF RIGHTS of state. The action was United States and Germany are The president is represented as German empire altogether." pily prove unfounded if American MADE STEP NECESSARY a piece of unprecedented impudence broken and we face all the possibilities confident that congress will rise to The reply of the imperial government ships and American lives should in and insolence. It should have been of that kind of war which, since the occasion and promptly give him to this warning was a flat denial fact be sacrificed by their (German) Washington, Feb. 29.—President met by an instant demand upon Berlin the first of August, 1914, Europe has the desired authority. that the imperial government Wilson appeared before congress at naval commanders .in heedless contravention for an instant retraction and apology. endured, because the time had come had .ever given any pledge as to the Anxious to Avoid War. of the just and reasonable 1 o'clock this afternoon and asked for when our government was forced to safety of "enemy merchant vessels" autliority to place the United States The president is still as anxious as understandings of international law choose between dismissing Count von Those who profess to believe that within the "war zone." With regard ever, it was said, to avoid war with and the obvious dictates of humanity, in a state of "armed neutrality" to resist and putting the United Bernstorff no insult was intended ignore antecedent to1 these it said: "No assurances have Germany but is determined to protect shall take the liberty of coming the German submarine menace. I States out of business as a sovereign facts. More than three ever been given to the government of Continued invasion of the plain American rights. again before congress to ask that authority and independent nation. months before, Germany had given the United States." be given me to use any means rights of neutrals on the high seas, President Wilson is still confident This is the blunt way of describing notice to the world that she would In extenuation of this denial it has that may be necessary for the that an extra session of congress will protection further sacrifices of Ameican lives the most critical situation that has sink merchant vessels on the high been maintained by pro-Germany in unnecessary. The situation outlined of our seamen and our people in and ships, the intolerable blockade of be arisen nour history since the Civil seas without safeguarding the lives behalf of the German government the prosecution of their peaceful and American commerce—almost as effectual in his address, he believes, is War, and of stating a problem in moral of innocent passengers, and our government, that its pledge had referred only to such that congress will give him the legitimate errands on hte high seas. as if the country were at warhave responsibility which transcends on February 10, had warned "liners" not in the war zone. Proper I can do nothing less.'" taken the place of a dreaded desired authority ungrudgingly. He any interest that has engaged the German imperial government that the contempt for any such white-livered "vert act" which was expected to has carefully looked up the precedent Armed Neutrality. thoughts of men since Attila, the if the German naval forces, in carrying apology for a masterful empire was shock the world—and have forced the previous occasions and found that on Armed neutrality is described by Hun, was driven back from advanced out the proclaimed policy, should manifested promptly. A German submarine president, into the next step toward the United States has taken the position authorities on international law as positions in western civilization, but, "destroy any merchant vessel of the appeared in American waters of armed neutrality without war. military measures for the purpose of unfortunately, not out of it. United States or cause the death of and on Sunday, October 8, sank five bringing about war. This condition defending rights of neutrals against Angry denials of these propositions Asks for Power. American citizens the government of freighters and one passenger liner existed once in relation to France, President Wilson, asking to be empowered threatening infringements on the by German sympathizers need not detain the United States would be constrained outside the three-mile limit. Short when American vessels were attacked to take whatever steps are part of a belligerent. It has generally us. Ingenious argumentation to hold the imperial government warning was given in these cases, by French ships, interfering with American necessary, which includes the arming concerned more than one power and from legal technicalities to the conclusion to a strict accountability for and passengers and crews were permitted commerce. of ships, the convoying of merchantmen the most striking historical instances that Germany it not the only such acts of their naval authorities, to get away in lifeboats. The Steps leading up to the announcement by war vessels or what other of armed netralities were those of the power in the world that has invaded and to take any steps it might be necessary liner was the Stephano, a British passenger that the president would go to steps are necessary, made it plain -Northern European owers in 1780 and neutral rights may again interest dilettante to take to safeguard American steamer bound from Halifax congress came in quick succession again that he wanted peace, but not 1800 made to defend the principle of minds after the war is over. lives and property, and to secure to New York, and carrying a crew of early this morning. At 9 o'clock he at the price of American lives and free ships and free goods adopted by The American people, by and large,' citizens the full enjoyment to American sixty-seven and ninety-seven passengers, summoned Secretary Tumulty to the rights or by driving the American are neither academic nor indifferent treaty between the Baltic uowers and of their acknowledged rights among whom were many women White House and soon afterwaiHl flag from the seas. by England. to moral issues. They are hard-working, opposed on the high seas." and children, and a number of American called for Senator Stone. At 9:30 the News of the sinking of the Cunarder right-minded, law-abiding men "If the commercial interests of several "Safeguarding Our Citizens." citizens. Set adrift over forty Laconia with Americans aboard deputy public printer was called to and women. They desire to know the nations," says one authority, "are In a swift succession of lawless miles from the nearest land, they the executive offices and given the was received here as the president threatened by unjust or unlawful essential facts with which we now brutalities Germany gave us her reaction were rescued by an American torpedo-boat was on his way to address congress. manuscript of the president's address. have to deal. They want the truth, measures on the part of a belligerent, to this warning. The passenger destroyer. This was complete Although without details, its grave Soon after Secretary Tumulty made stark and concrete. They may be which they deem unjust or dangerous, steamer Falaba was torpedoed by a and conclusive defiance. It was the announcement. trusted to render*a just verdict when possibilities added emphasis to the there can be no question of their German submarine on March 28, and insolent defiance. Had Germany received president's words. Not Wise to Await Overt Act. the case is fully and fairly before right to secure their menaced interests an American citizen was killed. On such insolence from any power The president concluded that it them, and when the verdict is rendered by such combinations as seem To Provide Funds Also. April 28 a German aeroplane attacked on earth she would have begun they will relentlessly execute it. might not be wise to await an overt best calculated to accomplsh that Congress is expected not only to and crippled the American vessel war against the insulter within twenty-four act before asking additional authority purpose. What, then, is this stark, concrete authorize the president to use the Cushing. On May 1 the American hours: that is as certain as of congress. The accumulation of "An armed neutrality is in fact an truth? What are the essential facts armed forces of the country but also vessel Gulflight was torpedoed and anything in human affairs can be violations of American rights and the alliance of several powers, usually of upon which American judgment must to provide money. sunk by a German submarine, and but the United States, Germany presumed, conditions brought about by the failure a defensive character, though this is rest and American action turn? Why Once before in the infancy of the more Americans were killed. On May would continue to forbear and of American merchantmen to by no means essential." is this nation, so long secure and republic, a state of armed neutrality 7, as had been decreed, the Lusitania to be patient. The United States did. leave port brought him to the decision During the present war Holland comfortable in its detachment from was proclaimed to check "predatory was torpedoed and sunk by a German Germany Plays Tag With lis. to act before congress adjourned. old-world feuds, now drawn into the and Switzerland have maintained violence" upon American rights in the submarine. Among more than twelve When President. Wilson announced Then a sinister thing happened. what amounts to an armed neutrality most gigantic struggle that has devastated war between France and England, but hundred victims were more than one to congress the severance of diplomatic civilization, and involved, Credulous souls, loath to think ill although it has been confined to land. it did not result actually in war for hundred Americans, including women relations with Germany, he for all time to come, in world politics, even of a Hohenzollern, saw in it When war broke out between the United States. and children. A plainer defiance of said he was unable to believe that of gigantic dimensions? evidence that "Germany was coming France and Spain and France and Whether another armed neutrality one government by another could not Germany would sacrifice American The answer is twofold. to her senses." Men that understood Great Britain, neutrals became alarmed will mean war depends on whether be devised by any ingenuity, and the rights in the campaign of ruthlessness Germany knew it to be a premonition at the dangers with which their First, the United States is once Germany realizes that the United defiance continued. Mr. Wilson entered which she had proclaimed, but of evil. The imperial government maritime rights were threatened and more compelled to reassert, defend, States is ready to protect its neutral into correspondence with the added: sent yet another note, renewing its the empress of Russia undertook to and re-establish that independence rights by whatever means are necessary. German government upon these atrocities "If"this inveterate confidence on my original promise, subject, however, unite them in defense of the neutral which the Colonies asserted in 1776 and on May 15 wrote that "the part in the sobriety and prudent foresight like a railroad time-table, to immediate rights. This formed the basis eff and won by revolutionary war which Calm Confidence. imperial German government will not of their purpose should unhap­ cancellation without warning (Continued on page seven.) With a full realization of the solemnity the- newly constituted United States expect the government of the United to keep its submarine warfare, both reasserted and re-established in the of the occasion the president States to omit any word or any act within and beyond the war zone, took his actioni today with the calm War of 1812 and which the states necessary to the performance of its within the limits and restraints imposed that adhered to the Union reconstituted confidence that congress and the sacred duty of maintaining the rights by existing international law. and fortified through civil war country will stand behind him. of the United States and its citizens, Scoffers discovered a third explanation The grim faced body of senators from 1861 to 1865. The German government and of safeguarding their free exercise of this action. Submarine warfare has had the effrontery to and representatives who less than a and enjoyment." The correspondence had failed, they said. Having no prescribe to the United States government month ago heard the president pronounce led to nothing beyond a more to gain by it, Germany might the course of action which the words which announced a conviction in the German mind that just as well be good as not. We now this government may safely pursue severance of diplomatic relations Washington undoubtedly would not know that the interpretation which by grace of His Imperial Majesty. with Germany—an act which in all "omit any word," but that so far as took evil intent for granted was the the history of first-class nations always Second, the United States is compelled "any act" came in for consideration true one. Germany had lost half oi has- led to war—heard in tense by world events to place itself the United States might safely be more of her original fleet of submarines. treated as a negligible factor in the silence and grave attention the words in a position and in readiness yet A larger fleet of more powerful which carry the American republic international situation again to assert and defend its sovereignty craft must be built, and time a step further in its stand against and independence in the near That at least was what happened. was of the essence of the exigency. ruthless sacrifice of neutral rights future. Whatever may have been the Torppdoings continued. Eleven American At the cheap price of scraps of paper citizens were killed when the and lives and a step nearer war if it remoter causes of th European war, Germany obtained the time: and must be. whoever may have been most guilty Armenian was sunk on June 28. By when its months were fulfilled, and in beginning it, it immediately became, mere good luck the great transatlantic Immediately after the president left stands out conspicuously CERTAIN-TEED the imperial government felt ready steamer, the Orduna. escaped the capitol a meeting of the house it is now. and it will continue for quality, satisfaction, and economy. for one last mad effort to strangle foreign affairs committee was called to. be. a life and death struggle between nineteen days later because a shot Any product bearing the name the tight little home isle of her most and Chairman Stone of the Senate CERTAIN- militarist absolutism on the missed. On August 19 the Arabic was formidable enemy, she flung off the will measure up on all of these points. foreign relations committee said his one band, and, on the other hand, destroyed with further loss of American TEED mask, admitted in so many words These are cold facts. governments that are constituted by lives. By this time signs of committee would be called together that she had made pledges only to later this afternoon. and are responsible to electorates American anger (outside of the District gain time, gave warning that she which actually hold uncoerced elections. of Columbia) were beginning to Moment Grave. Certain-teed Certain-teed would regard them as she had regarded The fact that Russia is, for the be ominous, and the German ambassador During the delivery of the president's her obligations to Belgium, purposes of the present war, allied at® Washington, who is supposed address there was no applause. and rubbed it in by graciously permitting Roofing Paints and Varnishes the essentially democratic to have advised his government that Avith The gravity of the moment, as if by the United States to send states beclouds the issue only- for such a course would be ^expedient, common consent, prevented any uproarious is the efficient type of roof. It are good, dependable products one boat across the Atlantic once a minds that, were born befuddled. gave to our government a formal bursts of enthusiasm. The is suitable for factories, office made by expert paint men, week if it should seem worth while! If militarist absolutism should so pledge that "liners will not* be sunk element, classed as pacifists, heard buildings* farm buildings, etc. and guaranteed to give satisfaction. This story has been recountied here far be victorious as to destroy France by our submarines without warning the address in silence. When the For residences it is made in They are sold at a in its essential details because the and England, the United States would and without providing for the safety president concluded there was a slate surfaced shingles. price which would not be possible time has come when it is necessary thenceforth be the only first-class of the lives of noncombatants, provided storm of cheering and handclapping. if we depended upon an for the American people to know power in the world denying the divine that the liners do not try to C^RTAIN-TEED costs less Senator Stone said administration exclusive paint organization to these details, to fix them indelibly in right of kings and proclaiming the escape or offer resistanc." to less to hj, and less leaders had not yet definitely decided buy, market our product. the mind, and by means of them to doctrine that the right to life, liberty, The Worm Begins to Turn! per year of life. CERTAINTEED whether the legislation the president understand the full gravity of the situation and the pursuit of happiness, so far Nevertheless,_they were. On September is light weight, clean, asks would originate in the house or The enormous resources of from being a creation of government, which confronted our govern sanitary, and fire retardant. It 30 the Persia was sunk the senate. Certain-teed Products Corporation, is antecedent to government, and is ment until Count von Bernstorff received trill not dry out and is weather-tight. and an American citizen, an official Senator Simmons., chairman of the and its extensive organization its moral justification. This is what his passports. An independent of the United States, perished. On for distribution of CERTAIN-TEED finance committee, said he believed is meant by men like Mr. Elihu Root sovereign nation cannot take permission November 7 a submarine bearing the $500,000,000 would be a sufficient appropriation products, make It is made in three thicknesses when they say that France and England from any power on earth so Austrian flag sank the Ancona in the it possible to take advantage at this time, and that it —but only one quality—the are fighting our battle for us. long as its own conduct is law-abiding, Mediterranean with a murderous brutality of every economy in buying, might be provided by an amendment best. It is guaranteed S, 10 or To argue the point overmuch with and when it has told any power only less successful than that manufacturing and selling. to the revenue bill now before the 15 years according to thickness on earth that pledges must be kept or those who deny it is a waste of which destroyed the Lusitania. This senate. (1, 2 or 3 ply). Even the professional painter words. Those who can't see it, or diplomatic relations be severed the time nine more American citizens Condition Unbearable. can afford to use CERTAINTEED won't see it, after all that has happened threat must be fulfilled. The record were sent ot their death. Finally, on This guarantee is backed by Mr. Wilson's decision to go before paints rather than to in the last two years and a is grave, the case is clear, the decision March 24, 1916, a Channel ferryboat, the largest manufacture of prepared congress was partly caused by the mix his own. Uncertainty is half, would not believe if the kaiser, inevitable. the Sussex, heavily freighted with roofings-and building fact that Germany's campaign is eliminated, waste and left-overs in his. most respendent armor, addressed Of those not inconsiderable groups papers in the world. passengers, was deliberately torpedoed, keeping American ships tied up in avoided, and quality is assured. "My People" from the east of good Americans that have not ardently and, among other victims, many American ports. Such a condition, If you are building, or need a em portico of the national capitol. Whether you do your painting taken sides in the European women and children were drowned. the president will point out, is unbearable. new roof, it will pay By what proof do we know that the struggle a large proportion, it is probable, oremploya professional Thereupon the American government, you to investigate CERTAIN-TEED sovereignty and the independence of have been neutral "in thought painter, your interests again protesting, on April 19 The president declared that before before the United States are now challenged will be best served if and in word" as well as in deed, because notified the imperial German govern congress adjourned for the session, deciding upon any type you insist on CER­ i' by the German imperial government? quite honestly ,they have supposed ment that if these inhuman practices it was necessary that he be given additional of roof. For sale by In the days immediately preceding TAIN-TEED paints i- that Great Britain has as.ruthleslly did not immediately cease'diplomatic authority to protect American dealers, everywhere. and varnishes. the sinking of the Lusitania on her destroyed some freedom or relations between the United States rights. There have been reports last voyage from the port of New other of the seas as Germany has destroyed and Germany would be broken. The that such a move would be opposed CERTAINTEED York, advertisements appeared in va merchant shipping and have language of this note is explicit. The in congress, but he decided to take rious daily newspapers warning American believed that Great Britain's attempt use of submarines for the destruction PRODUCTS CORPORATION the step regardless of that. citizens not to take passage on to starve an entire people, including of enemy commerce, it says, is necessarily, In his address the president pointed that boat because her doom had been noncombatants, justified any reprisal, "because of the character of out that Germany's' acts since the GmerriRoofing.Mfg.Cfe.GrecfVanfahC*, decreed. Those advertisements were lawful or unlawful, by Germany, and the vessels employed and the methods Mound Citjr Paint & Color Cou break in diplomatic relations indicate not inserted by the American government that the most brutal reprisal is not of attack, "utterly incompatible with her determination to go forward with N«w York Chic—a nor by the owners of the kLNb Beatoi the principles of humanity, the longestablished more dreadful than a deliberately inflicted ClmhaJ her campaign of ruthlessness, despite BaHale USSSSm vessel. They were put forth by the UOKrtakt* Hew slow starvation'of babies^ fcesAwnh«| .. and incontrovertible the protests of neutrals whose-rights Kuni City Seattle AU—A. German embassy. No representation the sacred' GmdR rights of neutrals and im- Salt (Continued on next are invaded. v:- UMNoiM#' pay*.) Difetfc -A CM® iSBIlsSii